What is an effect of long-term cortisol exposure on health?

Long-term exposure to cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone released during stress, has significant effects on health, particularly in relation to metabolism and cardiovascular health. Elevated cortisol levels have been linked to weight gain, especially in the abdominal area, due to its influence on fat deposition. This weight gain often contributes to an increased risk of metabolic syndrome, which encompasses conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, ultimately heightening the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Cortisol’s role in promoting gluconeogenesis can lead to higher blood sugar levels, while its effects on appetite and fat storage can contribute to obesity. These factors, combined with potential adverse impacts on other stress-related hormonal pathways, can create an environment that is conducive to cardiovascular issues.

In summary, the chronic elevation of cortisol levels primarily leads to weight gain and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, making this the correct answer.