Which disorder is characterized by excessive secretion of aldosterone?

Primary hyperaldosteronism, commonly referred to as Conn's syndrome, is specifically characterized by an excess production of aldosterone from the adrenal glands. This hypersecretion leads to increased sodium retention, potassium excretion, and ultimately hypertension.

The condition arises typically due to an adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia, resulting in elevated levels of aldosterone that can cause effects like metabolic alkalosis and hypertension. This is critical to recognize, as it requires different management strategies compared to disorders like adrenal insufficiency, where aldosterone production is deficient, or Cushing's syndrome, which involves excess cortisol rather than aldosterone.

Hyperthyroidism does not generally pertain to aldosterone levels, as it primarily involves excess thyroid hormone production affecting metabolism and energy levels. Hence, the primary hallmark of primary hyperaldosteronism is its clear and direct relationship with aldosterone secretion, distinguishing it from the other listed conditions.